Sakha: Multidisciplinary Journal of Science, Art & Technology
It is with great enthusiasm and a sense of academic purpose that we welcome you to Sakha: Multidisciplinary Journal of Science, Art & Technology (SAKHA: MJSAT). As a premier international journal, we are committed to fostering a dynamic platform where scholars, researchers, and professionals across diverse disciplines can share their knowledge, discoveries, and insights. In today’s fast-evolving world, the intersection of disciplines plays a crucial role in shaping innovative solutions to global challenges. SAKHA: MJSAT seeks to bridge the gap between academia and industry by publishing cutting-edge research across a spectrum of fields, including Arts, Science, Technology, Engineering, Commerce and Management, Law, Education, and beyond. Our journal is dedicated to upholding the highest standards of scholarly integrity, rigorous peer review, and academic excellence. We invite authors, reviewers, and readers to join us in this intellectual endeavor as we strive to make meaningful contributions to the global research community.
Historical and Administrative Analysis of Bharath Heavy Electricals Limited (Bhel) at Ranipet – A Study
This study examines the historical development and administrative structure of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Ranipet. Established as part of India’s post-independence industrialization policy, the Ranipet unit played a significant role in strengthening the country’s heavy electrical equipment manufacturing sector. The research traces the origin and growth of BHEL in Ranipet, highlighting its contribution to regional industrial development, employment generation, and technological advancement. The study also analyzes the administrative set-up of the organization, including its hierarchical structure, functional divisions, decision-making processes, and managerial practices. By examining primary and secondary sources, the research evaluates how administrative efficiency contributed to productivity and organizational growth. The study concludes that the historical evolution and structured administration of BHEL Ranipet significantly influenced both industrial progress and socio-economic development in the region.
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Life Cycle Ceremonies of Malayali Tribes in Jawadhi Hills – An Ethnographic Study
The Malayali tribes of the Jawadhi Hills possess a rich cultural heritage reflected in their life cycle ceremonies from birth to death. This ethnographic study examines the traditional practices, beliefs, and rituals associated with different stages of life among the Malayali tribal community. The research is based on field observations, interviews with elders, and participation in community events. The study explores birth rituals such as naming ceremonies and protective customs for infants, puberty rites that signify social maturity, marriage ceremonies reflecting kinship patterns and community participation, and death rituals that reveal beliefs about ancestry and the afterlife. These ceremonies not only mark biological transitions but also reinforce social organization, cultural identity, and intergenerational continuity. The findings highlight the role of elders, customary laws, and indigenous knowledge in preserving these traditions despite external influences and modernization. The study contributes to understanding the cultural dynamics of tribal communities and emphasizes the importance of documenting and preserving indigenous practices for future generations.
A Comparative Study on Risk and Return Analysis of Sectoral Indices in the National Stock Exchange of India
For an investor, in deciding on the investment, risk and return plays an important role. The risk and return are interrelated. Usually, if the return is small, the bet will also be low, and the higher risk will be associated with a higher return. Investments in stock markets are risky, as was observed in the performance of several assets. Therefore, it is up to investors what level of risk could be a beard to getting the desired return. Thus, risk and return analysis should be performed before making investments for more thoughtful decisions. In the present study, an attempt is made to analyze and compare the risk and return relationship in the context of the National Stock Exchange using the data of selected Sectoral Indices listed in the S&P NSE 500 Index. The results revealed that the Indices with higher returns had low risk. In comparison, the Indices with lower returns had a higher risk, showing a weak negative linear relationship between the two variables. It was also obtained that there is no significant difference between the Market returns and the monthly returns of the Indices.
Folk dances are the gateways that reveal the Tamil tradition, the way of life of the people and the cultural roots of the land. The main occupation of these people is hunting. Through this game, we can see how the human body works while hunting. Devarattam is performed as a ritual event, not as a recreational game or a professional game to please people. When we say Devarattam, we tend to associate it with the caste of gods. Devarattam has no connection with the Devarina people. Most of the rituals that take place in the life of the carpet weavers are performed outside the village. This place is called Mandhai or Kottaimedu. The ritual of building a hut in the flower ceremony held in the Kambalathu Nayak community and the ritual on the 16th day of bringing the flower-covered woman home from the herd are notable. Musically arranged sounds and body movements like Parinamitra are given the names of dance and atam. The original poetry composed by man under the inspiration of his poetic sense is presented as dance. Devarattam is a social activity of the Sumpanathars, which has a unifying effect that unites all the members of the community. It also has a collective effect that unites the individual with the community and has a wide platform where even a hundred people can dance together at the same time. Devarattam is characterized by its freedom, simple control, and attracts and captivates everyone.
Christian Missions and Social Welfare: Institutional Interventions and Societal Impact
The Christian missions have been instrumental in formation of social welfare systems in various societies, particularly in the marginalized or vulnerable communities. Based on the theological concept of compassion, service and justice, these institutions historically had their mandate to go beyond evangelisation to education, health care, alleviation of poverty and community development. This paper is a critical examination of the institutional intervention of Christian missions in the area of social welfare and its overall influence on the society. Using qualitative and analytical approach, the paper follows the historical development of Christian social-service programs, the theological basis of these programs and splits the organisational structures of how these missions are run. Specific attention is paid to education, healthcare, social justice, and calamity relief as the key areas of intervention that help achieve human development and social inclusion. Other significant challenges and criticisms that the Christian mission organisations have faced are discussed in the paper, such as cultural sensitivity, practices of proselytization, and the challenge of sustainability. The study highlights the relevance of the Christian social welfare initiatives in the present-day development discourse by placing them in their context. The results show that Christian missions with ethical integrity and cooperation strategies are still important drivers of social change and community welfare.
The Veneration of Sun God in Tamil Nadu: A Study Through Selected Temples
This article delves the veneration of Sun God, and significance of the temples existed in Tamil Nadu. In Tamil Nadu temples, devotees offer vows (such as shaving heads or carrying pots), take part in folk performances (Koothu, Villu paattu), and seek healing through holy ash or water. Temple rituals like abhishekam (sacred bathing) and festivals, which frequently feature non-Brahmin priests and non-Sanskrit hymns in Tamil, are all part of worship, which combines Vedic traditions with distinctive local customs. Hindus are adherents of Hinduism, an ancient and varied Indian religion (Sanatana Dharma) with roots in the Indian subcontinent and a global diaspora. The most well-known of them is Surya, the Vedic Sun god of India, who appears each morning to allow his followers to see and worship him in all of his splendour In Tamil Nadu, worshiping the Sun God (Surya) is still an important spiritual practice with many astrological, physical, and mental advantages. These ceremonies, which are cantered in the ancient Suryanar Kovil close to Kumbakonam, are mainly intended to reduce malefic planetary effects, or Navagraha doshas, especially those of Saturn, in order to guarantee professional success and eliminate difficulties in life. Sunrise devotionals, such as Surya Arghya, are traditionally thought to improve physical vitality, immunity, and Vitamin D absorption in addition to curing chronic skin and eye conditions.
Cultural Dimensions of Life in Kaniyakumari District
Kanyakumari is located at the extreme edge of the Indian sub-continent, and it holds a unique cultural niche in the state of Tamil experts. Due to its geographical position, long coastlines, and historical participation in maritime trade routes, the region has maintained unbroken contact with various religious, ethnic and professional groups of people. These exchanges have also contributed to the emergence of pluralistic cultural identity that is defined by flexibility, co-existence, and persistence. Unlike the cultural homogenous areas, Kanyakumari is an overlay of the cultural landscape of the indigenous Tamil culture with the elements brought into the area by commerce, migration, and missionary activity. The paper provides an in-depth discussion of the cultural features of the residents of Kanyakumari in terms of the religious pluralism, folk and tribal culture, cuisine, dress culture, festivals, customs, rituals, symbols, myths, and effects of modernisation and tourism. Through an interdisciplinary approach which incorporates the historical, anthropological and sociological approach, the study will evaluate the manner in which the cultural practices have been maintained, altered and redefined throughout the years. The co-existence of Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam is put in particular focus that has been a key factor in the development of social harmony and identity within the region. The paper also analyses how folk culture and oral traditions, as well as indigenous people, have been able to sustain a sense of cultural continuity amid growing exposure to modern ways of life and cultural influences. It claims that Kanyakumari serves as a micro-world of cultures living in co-existence in Tamil Nadu, it shows how the local cultures can negotiate a change without compromising their values. These cultural attributes are also crucial to the retention of intangible cultural heritage and sustainable cultural development in the fast-globalising world, which is understood and documented.
The land grants to temples were made directly to the temple treasury with the mentioning of purpose for which the donation was to be spent and with the conditions to maintain the specified services in the temple. There was an immense variety of purposes for which the land grants has been made. It led to the growth of temples. The period of the Pallavas saw the revival of Hinduism and the nayanmars and alvars played a dominant role in the building of temples. The contribution of the Cholas to temple architecture was more than that of the Pallavas and the Pandyas. Under the patronage of the Cholas, the building of temples entered on a process of gradual expansion and adaptation. A proper study of the records proves that the people attached great importance to various activities of the temples. The subsistence of a temple was related to various gifts made by philanthropists.
Tribal Demography in Thiruvannamalai District of Tamil Nadu – A Study
Thiruvannamalai is one of the world famous cities as it has the strong traditional heritage from the past. The physical features of Thiruvannamalai turn the attention of the people from the various direction of the world. It is considered as the heart of the world. It is the abode of the all souls and it is the place where physical share of the Lord Siva to Parvathi and so it is the place of the spiritual centre. Thiruvannamalai district has many glorious attributes such as fertile topography, tourist locations, various spiritual centers for edification of the mind and life system, festivals which are symbols of the cultural activities of the people, forest resources, water resources for fertile land and agriculture, many hill traces of the Eastern Ghats and Jawadhu hills which is abode of the tribes and a good administrative set up. The demography is the most important tool for any country for gauging level of the nation. The demography status of national, state and district level have been brought forth in this article. There are eighteen blocks situated in Thiruvannamalai district of Tamil Nadu and there are 860 villages are located in eighteen blocks in Thiruvannamalai district. Out of 860 villages, the tribal concentrated villages are only 528 and the remaining villages are non tribal areas. 90.54% of tribes are living in Jawadhu Hills block and it is the maximum tribal concentrated area in this district. Next to Jawadhu Hills, Thandrampattu has secured 9.52% of tribes are living and placed in second in this district. The total number of the tribes in this district is 87096. Out of it, number of male tribe is 44021 and female tribe is 43075 and so the sex ratio of the tribe in this district more or less equal with small variation. The total tribal percentage while comparing with other people is 4.27%. Notwithstanding the quantity of the tribal people in this district is low, it is unavoidable to concentrate on it.
Epigraphy Evidences of Sangam Literature (A Gleaned from Archeological Evidences)
In view of the above mentioned extensiveness we have to undertake a variegated enquiry and search for corroborative evi-dences from other disciplines as well to determine the dates of various sangam works. The sources that could be tapped use-fully in this regard are enlisted hereunder literature Epicgraphy foreignchronicles archaeological evidence someone literatures written to the Ramayana the most powerful literature by the Valmiki and arthashastra written by kaudilya and also edicts of Ashoka hathikumbha inscription of caravela and Tamil inscriptions accounts of magasthani Though this work is assignable to 7th cent. A.D., the commentator of the work Nakkirar refers to the history of Muchchangam the three Tamil Academies.
Marathas of Thanjavur: Preserver of the Ancient Manuscripts
Tanjoure Maharaja Saraboji Saraswathi Mahal (T.M.S.S.M.) Library has the richest collection of Manuscripts in Sanskrit, Tamil, Marathi and Telugu that reflect the history, economy and culture of South India. The Manuscripts are taken care of by the language the Pandits and it is the primary sources to reconstruct the history of South India more particularly above the Marathas of Thanjavur. The Pandits undertake the following works for the preservation of Manuscripts and development of this Tanjoure Maharaja Saraboji Saraswathi Mahal (T.M.S.S.M.) Library. This paper focus on the liberal endowments to preserve the manuscripts of Marathas.
Eruthazhuvuthal (Alias) Jallikattu – A Unique Culture of Tamil Nadu
The origin of the Tamil race has not yet been definitively established in any studies. However, the Tamil language and culture, even after the passage of time, continue to convey the greatness of our ancestors to us through various ways. They have proven their intellectual prowess to the world in all aspects, including language, land, spirituality, medicine, architecture, and astronomy. One such example is Jallikattu, which is still celebrated today as a symbol of Tamil identity that showcases our culture to the world. Jallikattu, which is inseparable from Tamil culture and tradition, not only showcases the valour of the Tamils but also reflects their respect for the bulls with whom they share a close bond. For this reason, the people, kings, and poets have supported and praised Jallikattu. It has been celebrated in literature, paintings, sculptures, coins, and seals. Language, literature, marriage, the bravery of men, the expectations of women, love, societal appreciation, and affection for the bull—all are encompassed in Jallikattu (alias) Eruthazhuval. Although the pronunciation has changed from 'Eruthazhuvuthal' and 'Sallikattu' to the current 'Jallikattu', the valour and culture of the Tamils remain unchanged. This topic covers the origin of Jallikattu, its cultural significance, literary and other evidence, the types of Jallikattu, the political changes it has faced, the types of bulls and their importance, and the legal battles fought for Jallikattu. This thousand-year-old cultural tradition has been comprehensively presented within these few pages.
The Devaraya II Reign is the Golden Age of the Vijayanagar Empire Revealed by Inscriptions
In the history of Vijayanagara Empire the period of Devaraya II’s rule is considered to be the golden age. Normally in the history of Vijayanagara Empire, the only name we think of is the king Krishnadevaraya. All others are ignored or neglected in the shadow of his personality. Before him there was another dynasty that put foundation to this great empire. The rulers Harihara II and Devaraya II of the Sangam dynasty with their efforts extended the Vijayanagar kingdom and made the people to live happily and with comfortable. After them the subsequent rulers continued to build the great empire. In the region of Devaraya II there are around three hundred inscriptions found in different part of his empire for different reasons like his expedition, victory donations to temples and communities.
Barriers to Girls' Education in Rural India: An Examination of the Link Between Poverty, Patriarchy, And Access to Quality Education in Tamil Nadu
Education is the protuberant tool for ameliorate the status of marginalized or weaker session in India. Indeed, the progress gradually made by self determination and the aid of the Government. However, it has some barriers to getting proper education the rural areas, especially the women. Despite India's progress in expanding options in education, girls from rural areas have still found some serious impediments to obtaining a good education. The complicated interplay of poverty, deep-seated patriarchal attitudes, and a lack of proper educational infrastructure in general puts limitations on rural girls in terms of achieving education and developing their socioeconomic potential. The paper, therefore, tries to understand the complex interrelation among these factors by highlighting subtle impediments to girls' schooling in rural India and pointing out solutions for development.
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Vinayagar, also known as Ganesha, is a prominent deity in Hinduism, venerated primarily in South India. His significance extends beyond spirituality; he is often associated with knowledge, wisdom, and the removing obstacles. This paper explores the connections between Vinayagar and Tamil medicine, focusing on the integrating spiritual practices, herbal medicine, and traditional healing systems prevalent in Tamil culture. Additionally, it investigates how these elements reflect the socio-cultural ethos of Tamil society and their relevance in contemporary health practices.
Financial Literacy among Gen Z. A special reference to Chennai City
Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the factors influencing financial literacy among Gen Z in Chennai city. Gen Z is the respondent born between 1997 and 2012. Methods: Data for this study was collected through a questionnaire from Gen Z, and a convenient sampling method was used for this purpose. Analysis: One-way Anova and Chi-square tests were used to determine the significant difference and association between independent and dependent variables in financial literacy among Gen Z. Findings: The demographic factors of age and financial attitude, income, and financial behavior are significant at the 5% level. Results: Financial education must be provided to the school students to make them aware of the financial concepts to save and invest for the future, budget their income, manage their debt and credit, make them knowledgeable about risk tolerance within the limit, and make them take a sound financial decision.
The Intersection of Demographics and Voting Behaviour: Patterns in Manipur
This study investigates the voting behavior of electors across six valley districts in Manipur, focusing on demographic factors such as age, gender, education level, and income. Using a descriptive survey method and a purposive random sampling technique, data were gathered from 808 participants to capture a representative sample of the electorate in the region. Analysis using ANOVA and post-hoc tests revealed significant differences in voting behavior across age groups, education levels, and income categories, while gender differences were non-significant. Higher voting behavior scores were associated with older age, higher education levels, and greater income, indicating these demographics' potential influence on political engagement and decision-making patterns. These findings provide valuable insights into how demographic factors shape political preferences in Manipur and underscore the importance of tailored political strategies that address the specific needs and characteristics of different population segments.
Navigating Identity and Acceptance: Social Challenges Faced by Bisexual Individuals in Contemporary Society
The research article "Navigating Identity and Acceptance: Social Challenges Faced by Bisexual Individuals in Contemporary Society," addresses the multifaceted problems experienced by bisexuals. Family acceptance, media representation, and social stigma are the key issues of this study. A sample of 600 individuals across India and abroad was studied to discover more about their sexual orientation, religious perspectives, and how the media supports bisexual depiction and societal acceptability. A Cronbach's Alpha of 0.878 guaranteed strong data consistency. Twelve percent of respondents identified as bisexual, demonstrating a high degree of sexual orientation variance. Chi-square tests suggested that familial background was highly connected with bisexual-related stress and anxiety (χ² = 34.203, df = 12, p <.001). Despite being credited with helping people understand bisexuality, the media frequently presents bisexuality in a negative and stereotyped way. The findings of the ANOVA demonstrated no noticeable change in how different religious affiliation groups viewed media coverage. The findings highlight to the urgent need for representative and unbiased media as well as familial situations to help bisexuals feel less stressed. Above all, the study underscores the significance of concentrated interventions that promote social acceptance and minimise marginalisation.
Dowry: A Catalyst for Domestic Violence and Gender Inequality
Purpose: The present research work examines the relationship between dowry practices and domestic violence, highlighting how dowry demands perpetuate patriarchal norms and gender inequality, with significant adverse effects on women's physical, emotional, and economic well-being. It emphasizes the need for policies to eliminate dowry practices and empower women. Methods: A multidisciplinary approach combines historical, sociocultural, and legal analyses to study the origins, evolution, and impact of the dowry system. Data from surveys like the National Family Health Survey and the National Crime Records Bureau are used to analyze dowry-related violence patterns across India. Results: The findings show that dowry perpetuates domestic violence and gender inequality, with weak legal enforcement worsening the problem. It has transitioned from a symbolic practice to a coercive one, inflicting physical and psychological harm on women. Recommendations include stronger legal frameworks, awareness campaigns, and initiatives supporting inter-caste and inter-religious marriages. Conclusions: The study underscores the need to combat dowry practices, urging enhanced enforcement of anti-dowry laws and initiatives that promote women's education and economic independence. Empowering women through vocational training and establishing support systems like help lines are essential to address dowry-related violence.
Transition from Caste to Tribe: The Political Transformation of Piramalai Kallars Constructed through the Memories of the Perungamanallur Massacre
Piramalaikkallar community is living predominantly in the Southern part of Tamil Nadu. Now Piramalaikkallars are identified as one of the castes under the community of ‘Mukkulathor’ which is also referred as ‘Thevar’ community. But Piramalaikkallars are culturally different from the Kallar community of other parts of Tamil Nadu. In Piramalaikkallars, the marriage relationships are decided based on their clan deities. Munusaamy temple in Karumaathoor and Ochaandamman temple in Paapaapatti are the clan deities of the people of Piramalaikkallar. This community has been dominating the political landscapes of Tamil Nadu. In the year 1911, Criminal Tribes Act came to action in Tamil Nadu. Piramalaikkallar community was identified as ‘Criminal Tribes’ under this act. On 3rd April 1920 in the village named Perungaamanallur near Usilampatti in Madurai District, Piramalaikkallar community people protested against the British government for listing their community under Criminal Tribes Act. 16 people shot dead at this protest including women. In 2020, hundredth anniversary of this protest has been conducted. In this event, two strong political proposals were made i.e. Kallar naadugal (States of Kallars) and DNT certification. Though Piramalaikkallars are politically dominant, their representation in education, economy and job opportunities are scarce. As they are in the OBC category of national list and MBC/DNC category in State list, they are asking to certify them as DNT for their emancipation. This article talks about this political changes in the community of Piramalaikkallars and also the changes in the political landscapes regarding the proposals of ‘States of Kallars” and “DNT Certification’ by Piramalaikkallars.
Transoceanic Trade Activities on the Tamils: A Peek into the Investigation of Ancient Tamil Literary Evidences
The investigation on maritime trade activities is imperative to comprehend the commercial contact, commercial commodities, trade guilds, interrelation, interconnection between far off Nations social and cultural changes in transoceanic trade with Tamils particularly Coromandel Coast. The maritime trade activities and the role of trade guilds played a vital role for the commercial relations as well as for political, social interactions economic development of the States. In spite of the fact that the ancient maritime trade couldn't make major political limits however it could shape social, economic and cultural contacts. The connection between the ancient Tamils with Roman, Greek, Egypt and later on Mediterranean, Southwest and Southeast Asian Nations show its verifiable relevance over the Coromandel Coast examines, the current study centres about the Maritime activities of ancient Tamils and its associations with the nautical nations Rome, Greek, Egypt and later on Mediterranean, Southwest and Southeast Asian Nations and so on.
The Impact of Cryptocurrency on the Traditional Banking System
This article explores the impact of cryptocurrency in the traditional banking system which highlights the effects of digital currency in the financial system and economic growth of the country related to cryptocurrency. A deep discussion is made on disinter-mediation, where cryptocurrencies enable peer-to-peer transactions, diminishing the role of banks as intermediaries in payment processes. Competition, the rise of fintech, and decentralized finance is highlighted as a growing competitive force, prompting banks to innovate to retain their customer base. cost efficiency, associated with cryptocurrency transactions, particularly in cross-border payments, which challenge conventional banking fee structures. regulatory challenges, that cryptocurrencies present, compelling banks to adapt their compliance and risk management strategies. The potential for banks to create new financial products, such as crypto custody services and blockchain-based solutions, thereby integrating digital assets into their offerings. It underscores the importance of enhancing digital customer engagement, as consumer interest in crypto-related services continues to rise. customer engagement it underscores the importance of enhancing digital customer engagement, as consumer interest in crypto-related services continues to rise. By analyzing these areas the article illustrates the nature of cryptocurrencies in a dual manner that is both the challenges and opportunities of cryptocurrency and the impact which created a rapid change in the financial landscape or the financial ecosystem of the country.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Placement Training Programs for MBA Students: A Pre and Post Assessment Analysis
This study evaluates the effectiveness of training programs for MBA student placements through pre- and post-assessment analysis. Using statistical methods like paired sample t-test and Garrett mean score rankings, the research reveals a significant improvement in post-training scores (mean difference = 0.872, p < 0.001), indicating the training's positive impact on student aptitude and soft skills. Key areas such as interview skills, verbal ability, and logical reasoning showed notable gains, with interview skills being the most influential in enhancing job readiness. The large effect size (Cohen’s d = 1.9) underscores the substantial impact of training. 82.7% of participants were satisfied with the training. Based on these results, the study recommends conducting similar programs for future batches, extending training duration, and providing targeted support for students with lower improvements. Continuous monitoring through pre- and post-assessments is also suggested to ensure sustained enhancement in student performance and employability.
Nationalist Movement of Muslims in South India: Advertence and Abetment
This study has mainly focused on the economic and social conditions as the historical background advance nationalist advertence and abetment it to score with full amour in South India. The Muslims conceited the oversized in number and substantial, else they like the Muslims from North India, might not conserving so much distance from Hindus and connection or show revulsions through freedom movement. They agreed the brotherly attitude of Hindus and adjoined them with devours in the movement in the middle of this period. However, the British officials were appraised at their posture since they, depended them to the staunch pro-British, but in habitude contrary to their calculations inaugurate Muslims exhibiting continues interest for communal harmony. A1l this indicates that a kind of nationalism developed among the South Indian Muslims and Yakub Hasan represented a symbol of the new ebullient spirit. He said in a meeting that to be a staunch nationalist, one must go down deep to the roots of one's being, study one's self and develop nationalist spirit but in practice the South Indian Muslims really went down deep, found where they stood and from there came up, strengthened themselves and spread nationalism all round. In this process, they identified themselves with the national sentiments requirements, and activities and developed a sense of one’s common sentiments and feelings common sufferings along with the Hindus and set an example even to the other sister minority community, Christian Further, they reacted to the same in future.
Muruga Worship in Tamil Country Exposed by Ettuthogai Literatures
One of Tamil Nadu's most well-liked deities is Muruga. In Tamil country, the worship of Muruga is quite old. The discovery of the prehistoric urn-fields at Adichchanallur attests to the undeniable age of the Muruga religion among the Tamils. It has mouthpieces made of gold leaf, iron spears, and bronze cocks that resemble those used by contemporary Muruga worshipers. The Sangam classical works must be consulted in order to trace the evolution of Muruga worship. The eight anthologies are the most important source of information on the Muruga religion, which peaked during the Sangam era. The date of Sangam anthologies is much debated and there has been a great deal of controversy over the existence of the Sangam as an academy of poet and also over the fixation of the age of the Sangam. A conservative estimate would prove beyond doubt that the first two centuries of the Christian era was the age of extant Tamil classics. Numerous references about Lord Muruga in the anthologies portray His cult and afford a glimpse of His original form. Muruga is known by several names in the anthologies, they are Murugu, Sey, Murugan, Velan, Neduvel and Sevvel. The purpose of this paper is to identify the cult of Lord Muruga. The worship of Lord Muruga, His close association, frenzied worship and temples of Lord Muruga.